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Auteurs: Tim Boyer, Ellen Bartow-Gillies, A. Abida, Melanie Ades, Robert Adler, Susheel Adusumilli, W. Agyakwah, Brandon Ahmasuk, Laura Aldeco, Mihai Alexe, Eric Alfaro, Richard Allan, Adam Allgood, Lincoln. Alves, Jorge Amador, John Anderson, B. Andrade, Orlane Anneville, Yasuyuki Aono, Anthony Arguez, Carlo Arosio, C. Atkinson, John Augustine, Grinia Avalos, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Stacia Backensto, Stephan Bader, Julian Baez, Rebecca Baiman, Thomas Ballinger, Alison Banwell, M. Yu Bardin, Jonathan Barichivich, John Barnes, Sandra Barreira, Rebecca Beadling, Hylke Beck, Emily Becker, E. Bekele, Guillem Martín Bellido, Nicolas Bellouin, Angela Benedetti, Rasmus Benestad, Christine Berne, Logan. Berner, Germar Bernhard, Uma Bhatt, A. Bhuiyan, Siiri Bigalke, Tiago Biló, Peter Bissolli, W. Bjerke Jarle, Kevin Blagrave, Eric Blake, Stephen Blenkinsop, Jessica Blunden, Oliver Bochníček, Olivier Bock, Xavier Bodin, Michael Bosilovich, Olivier Boucher, Deniz Bozkurt, Brian Brettschneider, Francis Bringas, Dennis Buechler, Stefan Buehler, Brandon Bukunt, Blanca Calderón, Suzana Camargo, Jayaka Campbell, Diego Campos, Laura Carrea, Brendan Carter, Ivona Cetinić, Don Chambers, Duo Chan, Elise Chandler, Kai-Lan Chang, Hua Chen, Lin Chen, Lijing Cheng, Vincent Cheng, Leah Chomiak, Hanne Christiansen, John Christy, Eui-Seok Chung, Laura Ciasto, Leonardo Clarke, Kyle Clem, Scott Clingan, Caio A.S. Coelho, Judah Cohen, Melanie Coldewey-Egbers, Steve Colwell, Owen Cooper, Richard Cornes, Kris Correa, Felipe Costa, Curt Covey, Lawrence Coy, Jean-François Crétaux, Lenka Crhova, Theresa Crimmins, Meghan Cronin, Thomas Cropper, Molly Crotwell, Joshua Culpepper, Ana Cunha, Diego Cusicanqui, Rajashree Datta, Sean Davis, Veerle de Bock, Richard de Jeu, Jos de Laat, Bertrand Decharme, Doug Degenstein, Reynald Delaloye, Mesut Demircan, Chris Derksen, Ricardo Deus, K. Dhurmea, Howard Diamond, S. Dirkse, Dmitry Divine, Martin Dokulil, Markus Donat, Shenfu Dong, Wouter Dorigo, Caroline Drost Jensen, Matthew Druckenmiller, Paula Drumond, Marcel Du Plessis, Hilary Dugan, Dashkhuu Dulamsuren, Devon Dunmire, Robert Dunn, Imke Durre, Geoff Dutton, Gregory Duveiller, Mithat Ekici, Alesksandra Elias Chereque, M. Elkharrim, Howard Epstein, Jhan-Carlo Espinoza, Thomas Estilow, Nicole Estrella, Nicolas Fauchereau, Robert Fausto, Richard Feely, Chris Fenimore, David Fereday, Xavier Fettweis, Vitali Fioletov, Johannes Flemming, Chris Fogarty, Ryan Fogt, Bruce Forbes, Michael Foster, Bryan Franz, Natalie Freeman, Helen Fricker, Stacey Frith, Lucien Froidevaux, Gerald Frost, Steven Fuhrman, Martin Füllekrug, Catherine Ganter, Meng Gao, Alex Gardner, Judith Garforth, Jay Garg, Sebastian Gerland, Badin Gibbes, Sarah Gille, John Gilson, Karin Gleason, Nadine Gobron, Scott Goetz, Stanley Goldenberg, Gustavo Goni, Steven Goodman, Atsushi Goto, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Alexander Gruber, Guojun Gu, S. Hagos, Sebastian Hahn, Leopold Haimberger, Bradley Hall, Benjamin Hamlington, Edward Hanna, Inger Hanssen-Bauer, Daniel Harnos, Ian Harris, Qiong He, Richard Heim, Sverker Hellström, Deborah Hemming, Stefan Hendricks, J. Hicks, Hugo Hidalgo, Martin Hirschi, Shu-Peng Ho, W. Hobbs, Robert Holmes, Robert Holzworth, Filip Hrbáček, Guojie Hu, Zeng-Zhen Hu, Boyin Huang, Hongjie Huang, Dale Hurst, Iolanda Ialongo, Antje Inness, Ketil Isaksen, Masayoshi Ishii, Gerardo Jadra, Svetlana Jevrejeva, Viju John, W. Johns, Bjørn Johnsen, Bryan Johnson, Gregory Johnson, Philip Jones, Timothy Jones, Simon Josey, G. Jumaux, Robert Junod, Andreas Kääb, K. Kabidi, Johannes Kaiser, Robb S.A. Kaler, Lars Kaleschke, Viktor Kaufmann, Amin Fazl Kazemi, Linda Keller, Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Mike Kendon, John Kennedy, Elizabeth Kent, Kenneth Kerr, Valentina Khan, Mai Van Khiem, Richard Kidd, Mi Ju Kim, Seong-Joong Kim, Zak Kipling, Philip Klotzbach, John Knaff, Akash Koppa, Natalia Korshunova, Benjamin Kraemer, Natalya Kramarova, A. Kruger, Andries Kruger, Arun Kumar, Michelle L’heureux, Sofia La Fuente, Alo Laas, Zachary Labe, Rick Lader, Mónika Lakatos, Kaisa Lakkala, Hoang Phuc Lam, Xin Lan, Peter Landschützer, Chris Landsea, Timothy Lang, Matthias Lankhorst, Kathleen Lantz, Mark Lara, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, David Lavers, Matthew Lazzara, Thierry Leblanc, Tsz-Cheung Lee, Eric Leibensperger, Chris Lennard, Eric Leuliette, Kinson Leung, Jan Lieser, Tanja Likso, I-I. Lin, Jackie Lindsey, Yakun Liu, Ricardo Locarnini, Norman Loeb, Bryant Loomis, Andrew Lorrey, Diego Loyola, Rui Lu, Rick Lumpkin, Jing-Jia Luo, Kari Luojus, John Lyman, Stephen Maberly, Matthew Macander, Michael Macferrin, Graeme Macgilchrist, Michelle Maclennan, Remi Madelon, Andrew Magee, Florence Magnin, Jostein Mamen, Ken Mankoff, Gloria Manney, Izolda Marcinonienė, Jose Marengo, Mohammadi Marjan, Ana Martínez, Robert Massom, Shin-Ichiro Matsuzaki, Linda May, Michael Mayer, Matthew Mazloff, Stephanie Mcafee, C. Mcbride, Matthew Mccabe, James Mcclelland, Michael McPhaden, Tim Mcvicar, Carl Mears, Walter Meier, A. Mekonnen, Annette Menzel, Christopher Merchant, Mark Merrifield, Michael Meyer, Tristan Meyers, David Mikolajczyk, John Miller, Diego Miralles, Noelia Misevicius, Alexey Mishonov, Gary Mitchum, Ben Moat, Leander Moesinger, Aurel Moise, Jorge Molina-Carpio, Ghislaine Monet, Stephan Montzka, Twila Moon, G. Moore, Natali Mora, Johnny Morán, Claire Morehen, Colin Morice, A. Mostafa, Thomas Mote, Ivan Mrekaj, Lawrence Mudryk, Jens Mühle, Rolf Müller, David Nance, Eric Nash, R. Steven Nerem, Paul Newman, Julien Nicolas, Juan Nieto, Jeannette Noetzli, Ben Noll, Taylor Norton, Kelsey Nyland, John O’keefe, Naomi Ochwat, Yoshinori Oikawa, Yuka Okunaka, Timothy Osborn, James Overland, Taejin Park, Mark Parrington, Julia Parrish, Richard Pasch, Reynaldo Pascual Ramírez, Cécile Pellet, Mauri Pelto, Melita Perčec Tadić, Donald Perovich, Guðrún Nína Petersen, Kyle Petersen, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Alek Petty, Alexandre Pezza, Luciano Pezzi, Coda Phillips, Gareth Phoenix, Don Pierson, Izidine Pinto, Vanda Pires, Michael Pitts, Stephen Po-Chedley, Paolo Pogliotti, Kristin Poinar, Lorenzo Polvani, Wolfgang Preimesberger, Colin Price, Merja Pulkkanen, Sarah Purkey, Bo Qiu, Kenny Quisbert, Willy Quispe, M. Rajeevan, Andrea Ramos, William Randel, Mika Rantanen, Marilyn Raphael, James Reagan, Cristina Recalde, Phillip Reid, Samuel Rémy, Alejandra Reyes Kohler, Lucrezia Ricciardulli, Andrew Richardson, Robert Ricker, David Robinson, M. Robjhon, Willy Rocha, Matthew Rodell, Esteban Rodriguez Guisado, Nemesio Rodríguez-Fernández, Vladimir Romanovsky, Josyane Ronchail, Matthew Rosencrans, Karen Rosenlof, Benjamin Rösner, Henrieke Rösner, Alexei Rozanov, Jozef Rozkošný, Frans Rubek, Olga Rusanovskaya, This Rutishauser, C. Sabeerali, Roberto Salinas, Ahira Sánchez-Lugo, Michelle Santee, Marcelo Santini, Katsunari Sato, Parnchai Sawaengphokhai, A. Sayouri, Theodore Scambos, Verena Schenzinger, Semjon Schimanke, Robert Schlegel, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schmid, Udo Schneider, Carl Schreck, Cristina Schultz, _ _, Z. Segele, Serhat Sensoy, Shawn Serbin, Mark Serreze, Amsari Mudzakir Setiawan, Fumi Sezaki, Sapna Sharma, Jonathan Sharp, Gay Sheffield, Jia-Rui Shi, Lei Shi, Alexander Shiklomanov, Nikolay Shiklomanov, Svetlana Shimaraeva, R. Shukla, David Siegel, Eugene Silow, F. Sima, Adrian Simmons, David Smeed, Adam Smith, Sharon Smith, Brian Soden, Viktoria Sofieva, Everaldo Souza, Tim Sparks, Jacqueline Spence-Hemmings, Robert Spencer, Sandra Spillane, O. Sreejith, A. Srivastava, Paul Stackhouse, Sharon Stammerjohn, Ryan Stauffer, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Andrea Steiner, Jose Stella, Tannecia Stephenson, Pietro Stradiotti, Susan Strahan, Dmitry Streletskiy, Divya Surendran, Anya Suslova, Tove Svendby, William Sweet, Kiyotoshi Takahashi, Kazuto Takemura, Suzanne Tank, Michael Taylor, Marco Tedesco, Stephen Thackeray, W. Thiaw, Emmanuel Thibert, Richard Thoman, Andrew Thompson, Philip Thompson, Xiangshan Tian-Kunze, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Maxim Timofeyev, Skie Tobin, Hans Tømmervik, Kleareti Tourpali, Lidia Trescilo, Mikhail Tretiakov, Blair Trewin, Joaquin Triñanes, Adrian Trotman, Ryan Truchelut, Luke Trusel, Mari Tye, Ronald van der A, Robin van der Schalie, Gerard van der Schrier, Cedric van Meerbeeck, Arnold J.H. van Vliet, Ahad Vazife, Piet Verburg, Jean-Paul Vernier, Isaac Vimont, Katrina Virts, Sebastián Vivero, Denis Volkov, Holger Vömel, Russell Vose, Donald Walker, John Walsh, Bin Wang, Hui Wang, Muyin Wang, Ray Wang, Xinyue Wang, Rik Wanninkhof, Taran Warnock, Mark Weber, Melinda Webster, Adrian Wehrlé, Caihong Wen, Toby Westberry, Matthew Widlansky, David Wiese, Jeannette Wild, Jonathan Wille, An Willems, Kate Willett, Earle Williams, J. Willis, Takmeng Wong, Kimberly Wood, Richard Iestyn Woolway, Ping-Ping Xie, Dedi Yang, Xungang Yin, Ziqi Yin, Zhenzhong Zeng, Huai-Min Zhang, Li Zhang, Peiqun Zhang, Lin Zhao, Xinjia Zhou, Zhiwei Zhu, Jerry Ziemke, Markus Ziese, Scott Zolkos, Ruxandra Zotta, Cheng-Zhi Zou, Jessicca Allen, Amy Camper, Bridgette Haley, Gregory Hammer, S. Elizabeth Love-Brotak, Laura Ohlmann, Lukas Noguchi, Deborah Riddle, Sara Veasey
Résumé
Earth’s global climate system is vast, complex, and intricately interrelated. Many areas are influenced by global-scale phenomena, including the “triple dip” La Niña conditions that prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean nearly continuously from mid-2020 through all of 2022; by regional phenomena such as the positive winter and summer North Atlantic Oscillation that impacted weather in parts the Northern Hemisphere and the negative Indian Ocean dipole that impacted weather in parts of the Southern Hemisphere; and by more localized systems such as high-pressure heat domes that caused extreme heat in different areas of the world. Underlying all these natural short-term variabilities are long-term climate trends due to continuous increases since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases. In 2022, the annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 417.1±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. Global mean tropospheric methane abundance was 165% higher than its pre-industrial level, and nitrous oxide was 24% higher. All three gases set new record-high atmospheric concentration levels in 2022. Sea-surface temperature patterns in the tropical Pacific characteristic of La Niña and attendant atmospheric patterns tend to mitigate atmospheric heat gain at the global scale, but the annual global surface temperature across land and oceans was still among the six highest in records dating as far back as the mid-1800s. It was the warmest La Niña year on record. Many areas observed record or near-record heat. Europe as a whole observed its second-warmest year on record, with sixteen individual countries observing record warmth at the national scale. Records were shattered across the continent during the summer months as heatwaves plagued the region. On 18 July, 104 stations in France broke their all-time records. One day later, England recorded a temperature of 40°C for the first time ever. China experienced its second-warmest year and warmest summer on record. In the Southern Hemisphere, the average temperature across New Zealand reached a record high for the second year in a row. While Australia’s annual temperature was slightly below the 1991–2020 average, Onslow Airport in Western Australia reached 50.7°C on 13 January, equaling Australia’s highest temperature on record. While fewer in number and locations than record-high temperatures, record cold was also observed during the year. Southern Africa had its coldest August on record, with minimum temperatures as much as 5°C below normal over Angola, western Zambia, and northern Namibia. Cold outbreaks in the first half of December led to many record-low daily minimum temperature records in eastern Australia. The effects of rising temperatures and extreme heat were apparent across the Northern Hemisphere, where snow-cover extent by June 2022 was the third smallest in the 56-year record, and the seasonal duration of lake ice cover was the fourth shortest since 1980. More frequent and intense heatwaves contributed to the second-greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Glaciers in the Swiss Alps lost a record 6% of their volume. In South America, the combination of drought and heat left many central Andean glaciers snow free by mid-summer in early 2022; glacial ice has a much lower albedo than snow, leading to accelerated heating of the glacier. Across the global cryosphere, permafrost temperatures continued to reach record highs at many high-latitude and mountain locations. In the high northern latitudes, the annual surface-air temperature across the Arctic was the fifth highest in the 123-year record. The seasonal Arctic minimum sea-ice extent, typically reached in September, was the 11th-smallest in the 43-year record; however, the amount of multiyear ice—ice that survives at least one summer melt season—remaining in the Arctic continued to decline. Since 2012, the Arctic has been nearly devoid of ice more than four years old. In Antarctica, an unusually large amount of snow and ice fell over the continent in 2022 due to several landfalling atmospheric rivers, which contributed to the highest annual surface mass balance, 15% to 16% above the 1991–2020 normal, since the start of two reanalyses records dating to 1980. It was the second-warmest year on record for all five of the long-term staffed weather stations on the Antarctic Peninsula. In East Antarctica, a heatwave event led to a new all-time record-high temperature of −9.4°C—44°C above the March average—on 18 March at Dome C. This was followed by the collapse of the critically unstable Conger Ice Shelf. More than 100 daily low sea-ice extent and sea-ice area records were set in 2022, including two new all-time annual record lows in net sea-ice extent and area in February. Across the world’s oceans, global mean sea level was record high for the 11th consecutive year, reaching 101.2 mm above the 1993 average when satellite altimetry measurements began, an increase of 3.3±0.7 over 2021. Globally-averaged ocean heat content was also record high in 2022, while the global sea-surface temperature was the sixth highest on record, equal with 2018. Approximately 58% of the ocean surface experienced at least one marine heatwave in 2022. In the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand’s longest continuous marine heatwave was recorded. A total of 85 named tropical storms were observed during the Northern and Southern Hemisphere storm seasons, close to the 1991–2020 average of 87. There were three Category 5 tropical cyclones across the globe—two in the western North Pacific and one in the North Atlantic. This was the fewest Category 5 storms globally since 2017. Globally, the accumulated cyclone energy was the lowest since reliable records began in 1981. Regardless, some storms caused massive damage. In the North Atlantic, Hurricane Fiona became the most intense and most destructive tropical or post-tropical cyclone in Atlantic Canada’s history, while major Hurricane Ian killed more than 100 people and became the third costliest disaster in the United States, causing damage estimated at $113 billion U.S. dollars. In the South Indian Ocean, Tropical Cyclone Batsirai dropped 2044 mm of rain at Commerson Crater in Réunion. The storm also impacted Madagascar, where 121 fatalities were reported. As is typical, some areas around the world were notably dry in 2022 and some were notably wet. In August, record high areas of land across the globe (6.2%) were experiencing extreme drought. Overall, 29% of land experienced moderate or worse categories of drought during the year. The largest drought footprint in the contiguous United States since 2012 (63%) was observed in late October. The record-breaking megadrought of central Chile continued in its 13th consecutive year, and 80-year record-low river levels in northern Argentina and Paraguay disrupted fluvial transport. In China, the Yangtze River reached record-low values. Much of equatorial eastern Africa had five consecutive below-normal rainy seasons by the end of 2022, with some areas receiving record-low precipitation totals for the year. This ongoing 2.5-year drought is the most extensive and persistent drought event in decades, and led to crop failure, millions of livestock deaths, water scarcity, and inflated prices for staple food items. In South Asia, Pakistan received around three times its normal volume of monsoon precipitation in August, with some regions receiving up to eight times their expected monthly totals. Resulting floods affected over 30 million people, caused over 1700 fatalities, led to major crop and property losses, and was recorded as one of the world’s costliest natural disasters of all time. Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Petrópolis received 530 mm in 24 hours on 15 February, about 2.5 times the monthly February average, leading to the worst disaster in the city since 1931 with over 230 fatalities. On 14–15 January, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai submarine volcano in the South Pacific erupted multiple times. The injection of water into the atmosphere was unprecedented in both magnitude—far exceeding any previous values in the 17-year satellite record—and altitude as it penetrated into the mesosphere. The amount of water injected into the stratosphere is estimated to be 146±5 Terragrams, or ∼10% of the total amount in the stratosphere. It may take several years for the water plume to dissipate, and it is currently unknown whether this eruption will have any long-term climate effect.
Lien vers HAL – hal-04847357
Lien vers le DOI – 10.1175/2023BAMSStateoftheClimate_Intro.1